Isolation of anticancer bioactive secondary metabolites from the sponge-derived endophytic fungi Penicillium sp. and in-silico computational docking approach.

Introduction: Fungus-derived secondary metabolites are fascinating with biomedical potential and chemical diversity. Mining endophytic fungi for drug candidates is an ongoing process in the field of drug discovery and medicinal chemistry. Endophytic fungal symbionts from terrestrial plants, marine flora, and fauna tend to produce interesting types of secondary metabolites with biomedical importance of anticancer, antiviral, and anti-tuberculosis properties. Methods: An organic ethyl acetate extract of Penicillium verruculosum sponge-derived endophytic fungi from Spongia officinalis yielded seven different secondary metabolites which are purified through HPLC. The isolated compounds are of averufin (1), aspergilol-A (2), sulochrin (3), monomethyl sulochrin (4), methyl emodin (5), citreorosein (6), and diorcinol (7). All the seven isolated compounds were characterized by high-resolution NMR spectral studies. All isolated compounds', such as anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-tuberculosis, and antiviral, were subjected to bioactivity screening. Results: Out of seven tested compounds, compound (1) exhibits strong anticancer activity toward myeloid leukemia. HL60 cell lines have an IC50 concentration of 1.00µm, which is nearly significant to that of the standard anticancer drug taxol. A virtual computational molecular docking approach of averufin with HL60 antigens revealed that averufin binds strongly with the protein target alpha, beta-tubulin (1JFF), with a -10.98 binding score. Consecutive OSIRIS and Lipinski ADME pharmacokinetic validation of averufin with HL60 antigens revealed that averufin has good pharmacokinetic properties such as drug score, solubility, and mutagenic nature. Furthermore, aspergilol-A (2) is the first report on the Penicillium verruculosum fungal strain. Discussion: We concluded that averufin (1) isolated from Penicillium verruculosum can be taken for further preliminary clinical trials like animal model in-vivo studies and pharmacodynamic studies. A future prospect of in-vivo anticancer screening of averufin can be validated through the present experimental findings.

Cytotoxicity of polyketides and steroids isolated from the sponge-associated fungus Penicillium citrinum SCSIO 41017.

Two new polyketides, xerucitrinin A (1) and coniochaetone M (8), and one new steroid, 16α-methylpregna-17α,19-dihydroxy-(9,11)-epoxy-4-ene-3,18-dione-20-acetoxy (13), together with eleven known analogues were isolated from fungus Penicillium citrinum SCSIO 41017 associated with the sponge Callyspongia sp. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by NMR spectra, MS, CD, optical rotation, X-ray crystallography, and compared with literature data. Biological evaluation results revealed that 5 exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cell line with IC50 values of 1.3 µM. Compound 13 showed moderate activity against all cell lines with IC50 values of 13.5-18.0 µM, and compounds 9 and 14 showed weak activity with MIC values of ranging from 125 µg/mL to 250 µg/mL respectively.[Formula: see text].

New Alkaloids and Polyketides from the Marine Sponge-Derived Fungus Penicillium sp. SCSIO41015.

The sponge-derived fungus Penicillium sp. SCSIO41015 cultured on solid rice medium yielded twenty-one compounds (1-21), including two new alkaloids (1 and 2) and one new pyrone derivative (3). Their structures were elucidated by analysis of 1D/2D NMR data and HR-ESI-MS. Their absolute configurations were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and comparison of the experimental with reported specific rotation values. Compound 16 exhibited selective cytotoxic activity against the human gastric cancer cells MGC803, with IC50 value of 5.19 µM. Compounds 9 and 18 showed weak antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii, respectively, both with MIC values of 57 µg/mL. Furthermore, compound 16 displayed potent antibacterial activity against S. aureus with an MIC value of 3.75 µg/mL.

Versispiroketal A, an unusual tetracyclic bridged spiroketal from the sponge-associated fungus Aspergillus versicolor SCSIO 41013.

Versispiroketal A (1), an unprecedented 6/5/5/6 tetracyclic polyketide featuring a rarely encountered bridge-fused spiroketal skeleton, was isolated from the sponge-associated fungus Aspergillus versicolor SCSIO 41013. The structure and absolute configuration of 1 were unequivocally determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and quantum chemical ECD calculations. Compound 1 showed weak cytotoxicity against four cancer cell lines. A plausible biosynthetic pathway for 1 was also postulated.

Peptides from the Soft Coral-associated Fungus Simplicillium sp. SCSIO41209.

Five new peptides, Sinulariapeptides A-E together with seven known peptides (6-12) were isolated from the soft coral associated fungus Simplicillium sp. SCSIO 41209. The structures of the new compounds and their absolute configurations were established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis including NMR, MS and ECD. All the Compounds (except sinulariapeptides B-D) were tested for the inhibitory activities of Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine phosphatase B (MptpB), and antifungal activities against five plant pathogenic fungi. Simplicilliumtides B and cyclo(L-Val-L-Pro) showed inhibitory activity with the IC50 values of 35.0 and 25.9 µM, sinulariapeptides A, simplicilliumtides J, verlamelins A and B exhibited potent inhibition against Colletotrichum asianum with the MIC values of range from 4.9 to 9.8 µg/mL and simplicilliumtides J, verlamelins A and B displayed inhibition against Pyricularia oryza Cav with the MIC values in the range of 19.5-78.1 µg/ml, respectively.

Three new highly oxygenated sterols and one new dihydroisocoumarin from the marine sponge-derived fungus Cladosporium sp. SCSIO41007.

Three new highly oxygenated sterols (1-3) and a new dihydroisocoumarin (7) together with six known compounds were isolated from the extracts of the culture of a sponge-derived fungus Cladosporium sp. SCSIO41007. The structures of all new compounds (1-3, 7) were determined by the extensive spectroscopic analysis including NMR, MS, IR, and UV. Their absolute configurations were determined by X-ray single-crystal and CD data analysis. Compound 2 exhibited weak inhibitory activity against H3N2 with the IC50 value of 16.2 µM.

Isobenzofuranones and Isochromenones from the Deep-Sea Derived Fungus Leptosphaeria sp. SCSIO 41005.

Four new isobenzofuranones, leptosphaerins J-M (1-4), including an unusual naturally-occurring centrosymmetric dimer skeleton (1), and two new isochromenones, clearanols I-J (9-10), were obtained from a culture of a deep-sea sediment-derived fungus Leptosphaeria sp. SCSIO 41005, together with four known isobenzofuranones (5-8) and six known isochromenones (11-16). These structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses, and absolute configurations were assigned on the basis of electronic circular dichroism and optical rotations data comparison. Additionally, the absolute configurations of the new compounds 1 and 9, together with the known one 7 with stereochemistry undetermined, were further confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction experiments. A plausible biosynthetic pathway of these isobenzofuranones and isochromenones was also proposed.